Pidgin language11/22/2023 All other languages of a bilingual person are secondary languages. This is not necessarily the first acquired language (or mother-tongue). Primary language – "The language which is best mastered by a speaker. "The development of predicate markers can take place in the stabilization phase of a pidgin rather than as part of creolization (i in Tok Pidin: yupela i kam 'You (pl) come')." (R: 39) Predicate marker – A morpheme that indicates the object, or post-verbal part, of a sentence. He calls both of them paralanguage, which is the first part of language that emerged in evolution. Pragmatic mode – According to Bickerton, it is linked to the conceptual component. This typological shift involved "a movement away from the Portuguese type which is SVO and prepositional to a Dravidian type which is SOV and postpositional with case marking." (R: 40) Sri Lanka Portuguese Creole developed case suffixes from postpositions, after the Portuguese influence was removed in 1658. Antonym: preposition." (C: 428) Postpositions are common in language with SOV order, like Dravidian. Postposition – "A particle that follows the noun it governs (Jap. Postcreole continuum – see creole continuum. Each one of the creolistics on the implicational scale is the output of a grammar, and each grammar is part of a polylectal grammar. Polylectal grammar – It has to do with the implicational scaling technique. (C: 428) This is common in grammatical languages such as pidgins. "The unnecessary use of words" (in this present day and age) is called pleonasm. This would explain why some second language learners end up using a simplified and restricted variety of the L2: "Schumann claims that Alberto's speech is pidginization as a result of his social and psychological distance from English speakers." (R: 219) Pidginization hypothesis of second language learning – "Pidginization may be a universal first stage in second language acquisition, which results initially from cognitive constraints and then persists due to social and psychological ones," argues Schumann. As a process of acquisition under restricted conditions, it involves the learning of a second language by speakers of different language of the dominant group (Bickerton). Pidginization – "The development into a pidgin." (C: 428) As a complex process of sociolinguistic change, it involves reduction of linguistic resources and restriction of use (Hymes). PC – In creolistics, abbreviation for pidgin and/or creole (not personal computer or politically correct). A pidgin typically arises in colonial situations and is used solely as a trade language." (A: 527) Unlike creoles, pidgins do not have native speakers. Pidgin – "A simplified version of some language, often augmented by features from other languages. They use it as a symbol of Black identity. Patois – The language of British Blacks born to parents from the West Indians. These parameters include the following semantactic distinctions: specific/nonspecific stative/nonstative punctual/nonpunctual and causative/noncausative. Parameters – Basic, binary elements of the universal grammar of Bickerton's LBH which are set in all languages, and will later be 'fixed' in acquisition, in accordance with language specific input. Bickerton gives this name to the conceptual component linked to the pragmatic mode. Paralanguage – "Features of speech or body language considered to be marginal to language" (C: 427), such as gestures. The language gets significantly reduced in form and function the further away one travels from the East African coast since it is used by many second language speakers as a trade langugage." (R: 25-26) In this process, which Siegel has called "koineization" (see koiné ), the paradigmatic univocity is gradually lost (standard Swahili ni-ta-m-piga 'I future him hit' – 'I will hit him' becomes in the varieties mimi tapiga yeye). For example, in standard Swahili, prefixes and infixes are used to express the subject and object of the verb. Paradigmatic univocity – A principle which refers to "cases in which a stable relationship exists between form and meaning. "The panlectal grid consists of the totality of possible sets of rules for an arbitrarily limited area in space and/or time." (R: 163) The isolects on the implicational scale differ one from the other with respect to features or rules in the panlectal grid. Panlectal grid – It has to do with the implicational scaling technique. By María Rosa Fernández Bell and Glenn GilbertĮditing by Alicia Spiegel and Jeffery Parsell
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